This research converts organic waste—empty fruit bunches, used cooking oil, and eggshells—into biofuel. Using eggshell-derived catalysts lowers energy requirements for pyrolysis, producing hydrocarbon-rich fuels. The approach addresses waste management while reducing reliance on fossil fuels, offering a sustainable and environmentally friendly alternative energy solution.

This research converts sewage sludge into renewable fuel using hydrothermal liquefaction, which mimics natural oil formation in minutes. The resulting biocrude is then upgraded either through solvent extraction or hydrotreatment to remove impurities and improve fuel properties. The process shows significant potential for transforming wastewater waste into sustainable alternatives to fossil fuels.