Subduction zones generate earthquakes, tsunamis, and volcanoes, yet their behavior varies between regions. This research investigates how water released from subducting plates interacts with surrounding rocks. Using supercomputer simulations, it models hydration-driven cracking and fluid migration, revealing patterns that may influence where earthquakes and volcanic activity occur.

Using cake as an analogy, this research explains how buried sandstones can store naturally heated water for geothermal energy. By studying rock outcrops, cores, and microscopic structures, the work assesses sandstone quality to unlock reliable, renewable heat for buildings—available year-round as a low-carbon energy source.