This research converts organic waste—empty fruit bunches, used cooking oil, and eggshells—into biofuel. Using eggshell-derived catalysts lowers energy requirements for pyrolysis, producing hydrocarbon-rich fuels. The approach addresses waste management while reducing reliance on fossil fuels, offering a sustainable and environmentally friendly alternative energy solution.

This research develops sustainable solid biofuels using organic waste instead of food crops. By recycling water and catalysts in a high-temperature process, it reduces energy consumption and improves fuel quality. The work addresses key challenges of feedstock and efficiency, advancing environmentally friendly alternatives for heating, power generation, and industry.