This study examines how early competition influences growth and structure in young mixed forests. Results show that competition strongly affects height, biomass allocation, and species interactions. Managing competition early is crucial for maintaining diversity, reducing dominance, and building climate-resilient forests, making early interventions more effective and cost-efficient.

This study analyzed long-term changes in forest composition in the Spanish Iberian Range using National Forest Inventory data and Landsat imagery. Results show a significant shift from monospecific to mixed forests, with mixed stands nearly doubling over three decades. Satellite-derived vegetation indices successfully detected these temporal dynamics.