This research develops a new way to measure mathematical language by integrating words, symbols, and graphs. Through experimental tasks, it shows that these skills predict mathematical performance. The findings highlight the importance of teaching connections between representations, with implications for improving mathematics education and understanding how language shapes learning.

This research examines the ethical stakes of translation, using the Hiroshima "mokusatsu" case to illustrate how linguistic ambiguity can have far-reaching consequences, while also opening a broader reflection on the social responsibility of translators. It proposes service learning as a pedagogical model, integrating real-world translation tasks with ethical reflection. This approach enhances student responsibility, critical thinking, and civic engagement in professional translation practice.