This research examines limitations of the Alternative Fines Act in prosecuting major environmental crimes. Following Southern Union Co. v. United States, complex jury requirements hinder large fines. The study proposes legal strategies to overcome this “complexity problem,” enabling stronger penalties and improving deterrence against serious corporate environmental violations.

This research examines how traditional and local knowledge (TLK) can be meaningfully integrated into disaster risk reduction laws in Fiji and Vanuatu. Through legal analysis, case studies, and community interviews, it shows that TLK is not just cultural heritage, but a vital, science-based strategy for disaster resilience and survival.