This research critically examines United Nations actions in Sudan and the Democratic Republic of Congo, questioning whether institutional reform is sufficient. By analyzing humanitarian aid, international law enforcement, and resource protection, it evaluates whether the UN has upheld its commitments to Africa—or whether alternative futures beyond the UN are needed.

This research examines the cultural practice of burying umbilical cords in Nigeria’s Middle Belt, a region shaped by conflict and ecological crisis. Unlike Western views that treat the cord as waste, local traditions see land as a living repository of memory and identity, reframing human–land relationships as reciprocal and deeply interconnected.