Using a European energy system model, this research compares pathways to climate neutrality by 2050. Focusing on land transport, it shows that electric vehicles are already the cheapest system-wide option, even without emission limits. Early investment in electric car infrastructure accelerates decarbonization and reduces long-term costs across Europe.

Batteries charge slowly and degrade over time. This research develops advanced supercapacitors using novel 2D materials and water-based electrolytes. The resulting devices charge rapidly, store five times more energy than conventional supercapacitors, last over 50,000 cycles, and offer a fast, affordable alternative for electric vehicles and energy storage.