This study reviews mangroves of the Americas and their vulnerability to climate change. Mangroves are vital carbon sinks, biodiversity hotspots, and coastal protectors, but face threats from deforestation, pollution, and urban expansion. Effective conservation requires ecosystem-based restoration, improved management, and reduced human pressures to ensure long-term resilience.

Pakistan is highly vulnerable to climate change due to low forest cover, rising temperatures, glacier melting, floods, droughts, and agricultural decline. With only 4.2 million hectares of forest, impacts are severe. Government initiatives like the 10 Billion Tree Tsunami and mangrove restoration aim to improve resilience and environmental sustainability.