This research examines gender promotion gaps by analyzing policies, retention, and performance together. While promotion policies are gender-neutral and retention explains part of the gap, differences in measured performance—driven by reduced working hours—account for most disparities. Results show that how performance is defined critically shapes outcomes and policy effectiveness.

This research examines the impact of stand-your-ground laws on public safety. While widely adopted, the findings show no large or immediate effects on homicide or related outcomes. However, small, uncertain effects may exist, and when scaled across many interactions, these can influence behavior and contribute to real-world consequences in everyday confrontations.

This research examines how prior victim or defendant status influences courtroom outcomes. Using Philadelphia court data, it finds that individuals with dual roles receive different treatment depending on context—leniency as defendants but weaker outcomes as victims. The findings challenge assumptions of neutrality and raise concerns about fairness and consistency in the justice system.