This research explores how sports fans understand sports-related tattoos as expressions of identity and commitment. Through interviews with tattooed fans, the study reveals that sports tattoos function as permanent, deeply personal symbols of fandom, memory, and values, extending beyond traditional consumer behaviors such as jerseys, merchandise, or attending games.

Political polarization increases identity threat during social interactions. This study examines how liberals and conservatives respond to politically and apolitically negative comments. Results show different types of identity threat emerge depending on context, with both groups experiencing similar levels overall. Findings highlight the complexity and nuance of identity threat in political engagement.