This study examined anxiety in online learning using surveys and qualitative responses. Higher social presence reduced anxiety, while higher teaching presence unexpectedly increased it. Students preferred peer-led groups, frequent low-stakes tests, and clear instructor guidance. The findings suggest practical strategies to design online courses that better support anxious students.

This research explores how over 500 international students use AI tools like ChatGPT while navigating university study in a second or third language. Findings reveal AI can reduce overwhelm and support learning, but also risk undermining confidence and skill development. The study guides universities toward better language support, policy, and pedagogy.